Neanderthal+and+Human+Genomes+Period+2


 * [[image:dna_image.png width="153" height="46"]] || Why is it called the "Blueprint of Life?" || What is it a blueprint for? || What reads the blueprint? ||

Group Members: Bailey Koch, Joe Illumanati, Tim (the fish) McGinley, Ryan (the bear) Chapman, Videl Samlal, Nick Degnan, Nikki (the fox) Fox
Describe your Topic below: Our group is researching the DNA of Neanderthals and how it is similar to DNA of a Homosapien. We're also investigating the origins of Neanderthal and Homosapien and where the split occured between the two species.

Brainstorm what you know and what you would like to know:
 * = ** What we (think) we know ** ||=  ||= What we would like to know / understand ||
 * About Neanderthals:
 * Shorter in height
 * Shorter in life expectancy
 * High bone density
 * Heal faster
 * One more chromosome than humans
 * Existed at the same time as humans
 * Had hundreds of breaks in their bones
 * Incredibly high tolerance for pain ||  ||< * What would happen if a human and Neanderthal breaded? Bailey and Nikki
 * How many chromosome?
 * Physical attributes?
 * What genes would they have?
 * Genes would be turned on?
 * What is included in the extra Neanderthal chromosome? Tim
 * The History of a Neanderthal Nick
 * Where did they live?
 * What did they eat?
 * How are humans and Neanderthals connected? Ryan
 * origins..
 * How did Neanderthals communicate? Joe
 * What caused the end of their species? ﻿Videl ||

**Background Research ** [|Time Mag] General info relation Neanderthan DNA and Human

__** Genome **__ [|Wikipedia Neanderthal genome project] Neanderthal Genome Project
 * Group of scientists in Germany and the US attempting to sequence the Neanderthal genome
 * Published results in May 2010 of initial draft of genome
 * Based on analysis of 4 billion base pairs of N. DNA
 * Some mixture of genes occurred between N. and �anatomically modern humans�
 * Elements of genome remain in non-African modern humans

[|NY Times Neanderthal DNA Article] -Analysis of Neanderthal genetic sequence has proved that Neanderthals mated with some modern humans and left their imprint in the human genome -Neanderthals dominated Europe until 30,000 years ago -Last year, biologists reported no evidence of interbreeding -Scientists have recovered 60% of genome so far & hope to complete it -Comparing this genome to modern humans, it is concluded that 1-4% is derived from Neanderthals -Experts believe Neanderthal genome sequence is very important in understanding human history since the two species split some 600,000 years ago -Biologist team has indentified 100 genes that have contribute to evolution of modern humans since split -Genes of humans that differ from Neanderthal are particularly important bc they bear on what it means to be human-- or atleast not Neanderthal -Genes that have been discovered are involved in either cognitive function or in bone structure -Archaeologists debate whether fossil records show evidence of Neanderthal/human mixes -Scientists believe interbreeding occured in Middle East at much earlier period (60-100,000 years ago) -Scientists have found that Neanderthal bones are contaminated w/ modern human DNA -Not clear whether Neanderthals & humans overlapped in Middle East -Scientists belief is based on the fact that humans had same gene pool 50,000 years ago
 * 3.2 base pairs, size of modern human genome
 * 99.7% of base pairs of modern human and N. genome are identical
 * Extracted the DNA from a 38,000 year old male femur bone from Vindija Cave, Croatia
 * Other bone found in Spain, Russia, and Germany

[]

[|neanderthal genome] Relation: � Common ancestor lived in Africa 500,000 years ago- Neanderthals moved out and humans moved out 100,000 years ago Sequencing: � Paabo- used DNA sequencing machine to decode short strands of DNA and get rid of microbial contamination (DNA breaks down and invades the bone) � 1/3 of genome left to sequence � Non-Africans have 1-4% of Neanderthal genome due to interbreeding (Paabo believes) � Humans and Neanderthals lived during the same time for 10,000 years in Europe

Differences: • very similar- some amino acid differences • 200 regions of human genome looks like it evolved from Neanderthal- changes in genes affected skin and bone development, reproduction, and cognition

AAAS Resources on the Neanderthal Genome and it's significance. Includes timeline, Methods, Comparative genomics

[] Proof that Neanderthals had a language: � Hyoid bone- connects tongue to larynx and allows for a wider range of tongue movement in modern humans; found Neanderthal hyoid bone in 1983 in Israel � Auditory senses were more similar to modern humans than chimpanzees � FOXP2- Have the same gene as modern humans that plays a role in language Tools: � Hammers made of bone, antlers, or wood � Used a lot of wood � Stone used for- spears and hand axes � Debate as to whether they used projectiles- spears more likely for thrusting
 * __Information__**

[|**Homo Sapien VS. Neanderthal**] Its the history of Homo Sapien vs. Neanderthal
 * homo sapiens may have introduced a disease that wiped out all species
 * They could have eaten neanderthals
 * highly unlikely due to neanderthal toughness and the close relationship

[] Genetics and Migrations

__**Traits/Information**__ [] · Average height of Neanderthal male 65-66in. o Female- 60-61in. · Average weight of Neanderthal male 171 lbs o Female- 146 lbs · Neanderthals more robust and stronger than humans <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">· Suggested to have red hair and pale skin <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">· Had shorter head and less pronounced facial front <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">o Chin and forehead sloped backwards <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">o Had larger noses than modern humans <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">o Much larger brain <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">INJURY AND TRAUMA <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">· High tendency for rib fractures, femur, fibulae, spine, skull <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">o Healed with no sign of infection (had been cared for) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">o Suggest that Neanderthals hunted by leaping onto prey and stabbing/wrestling them to the ground <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">· Trauma is usually cased by a stab wound or blows to the head <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">· Common disease- Arthritis <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">o Ankle, spine, hips, arms, knees, fingers and toes <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">· Suffered from dental enamel hypoplasia (underdeveloped tissue) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">o Indicator of stress during tooth development <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">Childhood <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">· May have grown faster than modern human children <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">o Compared the tooth development to the bon e

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[|Neanderthal History] Here is the Neanderthal History, Habitat, DNA etc.

[|Evolution of Humans (neanderthal roots)] Neadnerthal Evolution

[|Neanderthal DNA issue] This is about Neanderthal Genome Project

[|More Neanderthal Info] This is Ancient DNA vs Human DNA

[|Evolution of Humans] This is indepth look at the Neanderthal genome project and evolution of humans

[|NEANDERTHALS ARE STILL HUMAN] this title explains it all

[|Super informational] Sciencemag

Neanderthals have a bigger mid-face projection, a lesser chin, bigger forehead, and a bigger head in general.
 * The range of where Neanderthals were expected to have lived **

[|Neanderthal and Human Anatomy Similar, Interbreeding stuff and all] NPR audio story with linksmedia type="file" key="20090213_me_06.mp3" width="240" height="20"

Science Daily Article from May 2010

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**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Possible Project Ideas **

 * 1) **<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">﻿Create what we think what a Neanderthal and human child would look like **
 * **<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">dominate traits over recessive **
 * **<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Videl could draw :) **
 * 1) **<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Informational video **
 * **<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Neanderthal lifestyle compared to a homosapien **
 * 1) **<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Informational Glogster **
 * **<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Genes of a Neanderthal **
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Genes of a homosapien**