DNA+Test+Review

Under each concept term post or revise information to make a fantastic review guide.
 * [[image:dna_image.png width="153" height="46"]] || Why is it called the "Blueprint of Life?" || What is it a blueprint for? || What reads the blueprint? ||

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1. Explain why researchers originally thought protein was the genetic material.
 * The Molecular Basis of Inheritance **
 * DNA as the Genetic Material **

2. Summarize the experiments performed by the following scientists that provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material: a. Frederick Griffith b. Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin MacLeod c. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase d. Erwin Chargaff

3. Explain how Watson and Crick deduced the structure of DNA and describe the evidence they used. Explain the significance of the research of Rosalind Franklin.

4. Describe the structure of DNA. Explain the base-pairing rule and describe its significance.

5. Describe the process of DNA replication, including the role of the origins of replication and replication forks. Explain the semiconservative replication model.
 * DNA Replication and Repair **

6. Explain the role of DNA polymerases in replication.

7. Explain what energy source drives the polymerization of DNA.

8. Define antiparallel and explain why continuous synthesis of both DNA strands is not possible.

9. Distinguish between the leading strand and the lagging strand.

10. Explain how the lagging strand is synthesized even though DNA polymerase can add nucleotides only to the 3 prime end. Describe the significance of Okazaki fragments.

11. Explain the roles of DNA ligase, primer, primase, helicase and DNA polymerase.

12. Describe the structure and function of telomeres.

13. Explain the possible significance of telomerase in germ cells and cancerous cells.

The Connection Between Genes and Proteins 1. Distinguish between the “one gene one enzyme” hypothesis and the “one gene one polypeptide” hypothesis and explain why the original hypothesis was changed.
 * From Gene to Protein **

2. Explain how RNA differs from DNA.

3. Briefly explain how information flows from gene to protein.

4. Distinguish between transcription and translation.

5. Compare where transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes.

6. Define codon and explain the relationship between the linear sequence of codons on mRNA and the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

7. Explain why polypeptides begin with methionine when they are synthesized.

8. Explain the significance of the reading frame during translation. (reference mutations)

9. Explain the evolutionary significance of a nearly universal genetic code.

10. Explain how RNA polymerase recognizes where transcription should begin. Describe the promoter, the terminator, and the transcription unit.
 * The Synthesis and Processing of RNA **

11. Explain the general process of transcription, including the three major steps of initiation, elongation, and termination.

12. Explain how RNA is modified after transcription in eukaryotic cells. (Splicing, Introns, and Exons)

13. Describe the structure and functions of tRNA.
 * The Synthesis of Protein **

14. Describe the structure and functions of ribosomes.

15. Describe the process of translation (including initiation, elongation, and termination) and explain which enzymes, nucleotides, and energy sources are needed for each stage.

16. Describe two properties of RNA that allow it to perform so many different functions.

17. Compare protein synthesis in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes.

18. Define point mutations. Distinguish between base-pair substitutions and base-pair insertions. Give examples of each and note the significance of such changes.

19. Describe several examples of mutagens and explain how they cause mutations.

1) Describe how DNA technology can have medical applications in such areas as the diagnosis of genetic disease, the development of gene therapy, vaccine production, and the development of pharmaceutical products.
 * General Biotechnology Concepts we’ve discussed **

2) Explain how DNA technology could be used in the forensic sciences.

3) Describe how gene manipulation has practical applications for environmental and agricultural work. Explain how DNA technology can be used to improve the nutritional value of crops and to develop plants that can produce pharmaceutical products.

4) Discuss the safety and ethical questions related to recombinant DNA studies and the biotechnology industry.