Fingerprinting


 * || **How do VNTR and STR genotyping coexist with forensic science and how does it help “catch the bad-guy”? ** || **What are the differences portrayed in Crime shows and actual forensic science? ** || **What are the __steps__ of DNA processing and analysis? ** ||
 * Driving Question: **

**How do VNTR and STR genotyping provided definitive evidence in criminal cases? Why is this evidence considered more credible than eyewitness testimony? **

Describe your Topic below: Sometimes eyewitness testimonies aren’t as reliable. Actual tangible evidence, like DNA, is more reliable than what someone “thought” or “remembered” what they witnessed. In __forensics__ the scientist examines, tests, and analyze tissue samples, chemical substances, physical materials, and ballistics evidence, in addition to DNA analysis. Scientist must interpret laboratory findings and test results to identify and classify s ubstances, materials, and other evidence collected at crime scene; collect and preserve criminal evidence used to solve cases. DNA profiling/fingerprinting will be explained, in depth, in our project in addition to answering our driving question; how do VNTR and STR genotyping provide evidence in criminal cases? And why is this evidence considered more credible than testimony?

Brainstorm what you know and what you would like to know: ||
 * = ** What we (think) we know ** ||=  ||= What we would like to know / understand ||
 * * The concept of DNA
 * Some evidence collection techniques, not all
 * Short Tandem Repeats, to an extent
 * what the realities and fantasies are present in crime shows
 * [[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/rUjSnLtOOiitJ4n6EpzLFGnWx7i2SS4qIKArR6mVMiJh-KHFDfJ9cbbDAUfod83wBTKMvbp9Sr6EZZhaVMQXj9_SBKfh8qV8ObAQQNFyng-hibsQZfY width="189" height="240" align="right"]] ||  || *  Be able to interpret and explain this [|diagram_] in relation to this series of __[|code]__
 *  How to calculate allele frequencies: __[|Here]__
 * What really happens when investigating a crime scene, proper collection techniques?
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">What are the different speeds of evidence processing?
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What are the __steps__ of DNA processing and analysis?

**<span style="color: #08ab51; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Background Research **

 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Webdings,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">From collecting biological material from a crime scene or paternity investigation, the DNA is first extracted from its source material and then measured for the quantity of DNA recovered. After isolating the DNA from its cells, regions are copied with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR produces millions of copies for each DNA segment of interest allowing even very small amounts of DNA to be examined. Multiple STR regions can be examined simultaneously to increase the informativeness of the __DNA test__. [[image:CSI_Dennis_Caruso.jpeg width="147" height="164" align="right"]]
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|“The CSI Effect”]
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The CSI effect is due in part to the creative licenses of the writers of these shows in their exaggeration of the abilities of __forensics__, and in part due to the way forensics is portrayed as an easy, exact, fast, and glamorous science.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> In reality, evidence collection and analysis can be a very long, tedious, and difficult task, and the evidence that is recovered may be incomplete or equivocal.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">That very often leaves jurors and others confused about the difference between real-life __and television__, and can be detrimental to those jurors who expect more from the scienc <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[[image:CSI_Grissom_and_Doc_Robins.jpeg width="154" height="112" align="right"]] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">e.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">the shows on __television__ do have an element of accuracy in them. They even __hire__ professionals to act as technical advisers to ensure that they don’t depart too far from reality. For the most part, the techniques used on the shows to collect and analyze evidence are the correct techniques for that particular situation, however, in real-life it may not look as pretty as the state-of-the-art equipment on __TV__.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A CSI’s __job__ is usually restricted just to evidence collection; then in the lab there are different people who will analyze a specific variety of evidence, such as molecular biology (DNA, serology, etc.), fingerprints, ballistics, documents, and so on. The detective will pull all the pieces of the puzzle together and conduct the investigation, without the scientists.[[image:Biebs_and_Nick.jpeg width="228" height="133" align="left"]]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #164b96; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Technology
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The resulting PCR products are then separated and detected in order to characterize the STR region being examined. The separation methods used today include slab gel and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Fluorescence detection methods have greatly aided the sensitivity and ease of measuring PCR-amplified STR alleles. After detecting the STR alleles, the number of repeats in a DNA sequence is determined, a process known as sample genotyping. The specific methods used for DNA typing are validated by individual laboratories to ensure that reliable results are obtained and before new technologies are implemented. DNA databases are valuable tools and will continue to play an important role in law enforcement efforts.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #164b96; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Codis:
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Levels:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Enables the sharing and comparing of DNA Data.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Provides DNA profiles from all labs
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">convicted offender index contains DNA profiles of individuals convicted of certain crimes ranging from certain misdemeanors to sexual assault and murder.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The forensic index contains DNA profiles obtained from crime scene evidence, such as semen, saliva, or blood. CODIS uses computer software to automatically search across these indexes for a potential match.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Local. A local laboratory (e.g., Palm Beach Sheriff's Office Crime Laboratory) can maintain its own local database of forensic profiles—local DNA index system (LDIS)—and upload approved profiles to SDIS.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">State. The state database, or State DNA index system (SDIS), contains forensic profiles from local laboratories in that state, plus forensic profiles analyzed by the state laboratory itself. The state database also contains DNA profiles of convicted offenders. States may have their own regulations regarding which profile types can be maintained at SDIS. Analysts should familiarize themselves with their state requirements.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The FBI is responsible for analysis of convicted offender samples in the federal prison system and for entry of those profiles. The FBI also enters DNA profiles from its forensic cases into CODIS. In this sense, it is functioning as an SDIS laboratory.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">National. Profiles from the states (including the FBI) are uploaded into the National DNA Index System (NDIS). In accordance with Federal law, specific rules govern whether a profile can or cannot be uploaded to NDIS ( <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__see relevant sections of the Federal Justice For All Act 2004, relating to CODIS__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">). Some categories of samples, as well as DNA profiles that do not meet minimum number of DNA loci, are not eligible for entry into NDIS. Approved analysts should familiarize themselves with NDIS Board procedures.


 * 1) **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">__ [|Evidence Collection Book] __ **
 * 2) **<span style="background-color: initial; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|DNA Evidence] **
 * 3) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">**<span style="background-color: initial; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|Evidence Processing] **
 * 4) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">__ [|DNA Steps and Process] __ **
 * 5) ** [|How Profiling Works] **
 * 6) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">**<span style="background-color: initial; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|DNA Fingerprint Lab] **
 * 7) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">__ [|GEl Electrophoresis] __ **
 * 8) **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">__ [|Explanation of VNTR and STR] __ **
 * 9) === **[]** ===
 * 10) **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">__ [|Basic Biology of DNA] __ **
 * 11) **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">__ [|STRs] __ **
 * 12) **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">__ [|CODIS] __ **

DNA profiling:
All that is needed for DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling is DNA from a small sample of skin fragments or flakes, body fluids, or hair (with attached roots). With the invention of a technique to amplify DNA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), experts can now make DNA fingerprints from even one trillionth of a gram of DNA.

Each STR has peaks and each peak is a repeat of alleles, with a minimum of 9 repeats per chromosome. In DNA profiling now a days, 13 STR markers are needed to be as exact as possible. It shows the probability of a specific STR profile occurring randomly in a population. The random match probability is calculated using the frequencies at which different STR alleles occur in a population.

**[|Activity]**
= **CLASS ACTIVITY** =

[|click here]

Click on human identification Then click on profiling Click on the circle on the right Go through Simulation.

= DNA PROFILING INTERACTIVE = [|click here]

Click continue Do investigate the will

[|How are crime scenes solved with DNA analysis] = ***[|OJ Simpson TRIAL] = [|DNA LOCI TESTED] [|EVIDENCE COLLECTED AT TRIAL] [|HOW ARE CRIME SCENES SOLVED WITH DNA ANALYSIS]


 * PBL Assessment || Exceeds Expectations

20-19 || Meets Expectations

18-16 || Approaches Expectations

15-13 || Does Not Meet Expectations

12-1 ||
 * Design - Plan and structure the project thoughtfully and purposefully? ||  || Thorough Brainstorming process leads to multiple driving questions. Clear vision of end product identified and plan developed for addressing driving question and producing final product. ||   ||   ||
 * Knowledge - Demonstrate the understanding of ideas through inquiry, research, analysis, or experience? ||  || Explain what STRs and VNTRs are and how they are used in DNA profiling. Understand the math in calculating the chance that two people would share the same combination of STRs. Explain the process and time involved from going from tissue evidence to a confirmed suspect/evidence match. ||   ||   ||
 * Application - Use a variety of skills and strategies to apply knowledge to the problem or project? ||  || Research findings are cross referenced and cited. Main concepts and findings are described in learners words. Learner explains how concepts are related. Final product is the result of revised drafts. Collaborative digital tools are used to archive work and share the thinking process. ||   ||   ||
 * Process - Take the necessary steps to fully realize the project goals? ||  || Steps identified in the design phase are completed thoroughly and on schedule. Work is archived and demonstrates reflection and revision. Specific questions are regularly asked of the teacher. ||   ||   ||
 * Presentation - Effectively communicate the central ideas of the project? ||  || The final presentation is rehearsed. Driving question is clear and final product addresses question. Presentation (or activity) is interactive and engages all audience members. Digital tools are used to augment the final presentation. ||   ||   ||